[50] Both areca nut and betel leaf chewing, however, can cause premalignant lesions such as leukoplakia and submucous fibrosis, and are recognized risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (oral cancer)
Ancient Pipes Held Residues of Many Plants, Not Just Tobacco Chemical analysis of ancient pipes from precolonial North America shows that Indigenous communities smoked at least dozens of different plant species, sometimes mixed together, for ritual, medicinal, or social purposes
"Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012"
Ischemic Stroke Ischemic stroke is another severe condition caused by blood clots, where a clot blocks blood flow to the brain, leading to sudden numbness or weakness, confusion, trouble speaking, vision problems, and loss of coordination