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Several reasons can be envisioned for this, including the possibility that individuals in group (i) may have more muscle mass or lean body mass, a gradual decline in U-Cr excretion with age [54] that may have occurred in group (ii), and the possible association between arsenic exposure and U-Cr concentrations (low U-Cr levels in groups ((iii), (iv)), as some studies have reported an association between As metabolism and the relative proportion of di-methyl arsenical species (DMAs) in urine with U-Cr [55,56,57,58]

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This article was updated to address further health concerns associated with vaping and feature related links on March 9th, 2021.

"Three years ago we began campaigning for cigarettes to be sold only in plain, standardised packaging which evidence shows reduces the appeal of tobacco to children